Jenis dan karakter tanah untuk pertanian –Tanah berperan penting dalam menunjang proses produksi pertanian. Jenis tanah di satu daerah berbeda dengan daerah lainnya tergantung dari komponen yang ada di dalamnya. Umumnya petani mengenal jenis tanah seperti tanah merah, tanah lempung, tanah pasir, dll. Adanya klasifikasi tersebut sebagai cara untuk membedakan dan menentukan jenis tanah yang cocok untuk perkembangan suatu tanaman. Dalam budidaya pertanian, tanah yang ideal untuk perkembangan tanaman jika memenuhi syarat seperti memiliki tingkat kelembapan yang baik, kondisi pH tanah netral (pH tanah 7), memiliki banyak kandungan unsur organik, tidak ada lapisan padas dan tidak memadat saat ditanami.
Tanah pada dasarnya memiliki sifat dan karakter yang berbeda satu sama lain sehingga jenis tanaman yang ditanam juga berbeda. Jenis tanah dapat dibedakan berdasarkan proses terbentuknya, sebaran dan jenis tanaman yang cocok ditanam.
Berikut beberapa jenis tanah yang cocok digunakan dalam budidaya tanaman :
1. Tanah Organosol
tanah humus
sumber Mediatani
Tanah organosol terbentuk dari pelapukan bahan organik yakni berasal dari pelapukan tanaman yang mati. Tanah ini banyak ditemukan di daerah rawa rawa dan daerah yang digenangi air. Tanah organosol terbagi menjadi dua jenis tanah yaitu tanah humus dan gambut. Tanah humus merupakan tanah yang subur dengan ciri-ciri mengandung bahan organik tinggi sehingga warna tanah ini menjadi hitam. Tanah ini cocok ditanami padi, nanas dan kelapa. Persebaran humus di Indonesia meliputi daerah Kalimantan, Sumatera, Papua, Jawa dan sebagian wilayah dari Sulawesi.
tanah gambut
sumber Gimni
Tanah gambut tidak sesubur tanah humus. Tanah gambut berasal dari pembusukan bahan organik yang berlangsung dalam keadaan tergenang sehingga tanah menjadi anaerob dan bersifat asam. Tanah gambut dapat ditanami tanaman kelapa sawit, karet, palawija, nanas, dll. Persebaran tanah gambut di Indonesia meliputi wilayah Kalimantan, Sumatera dan Papua.
2. Tanah Litosol
Tanah Litosol
sumber farming.id
Tanah litosol berasal dari sisa sisa aktivitas gunung berapi. Ciri-ciri tanah litosol yaitu memiliki tekstur berbatu-batu, kandungan bahan organik masih rendah, kedalaman dangkal dan sering terjadi erosi. Tanah ini cocok untuk ditanami palawija dan rumput ternak. Wilayah penyebaran tanah latosol meliputi Sumatera, Sulawesi, Maluku, Jawa, Nusa Tenggara dan Papua.
3. Tanah Latosol
Tanah Latosol
sumber Science Source
Tanah Latosol berasal pelapukan batuan sedimen dan metamorf. Tanah ini memiliki ciri-ciri warna merah bata karena kandungan zat besi dan aluminium, pH tanah mendekati netral sehingga bisa diatur kesuburannya dengan sedikit penambahan pupuk. Jenis tanaman yang cocok di tanami tanah latosol diantaranya cengkeh, tebu, kopi, kelapa sawit, karet, kakao, padi, palawija, buah dan sayuran. Tanah latosol tersebar di wilayah Lampung, Sumatra Utara, Kalimantan, Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Papua.
4. Tanah Alluvial
Tanah Alluvial
sumber farming.id
Tanah alluvial merupakan jenis tanah yang banyak digunakan dalam budidaya tanaman karena subur dan memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang tinggi. Tanah alluvial terbentuk dari endapan lumpur. Ciri khas tanaman alluvial yaitu berwarna coklat hingga kelabu dengan struktur tanah sedikit lepas-lepas. Jenis tanaman yang cocok ditanam yaitu padi, palawija, tembakau, jagung, tebu, buah-buahan dan jenis tanaman lainnya. Persebaran tanah alluvial hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia meliputi Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Jawa dan Papua.
5. Tanah Regosol
Tanah Regosol
sumber farming.id
Tanah regosol terbentuk dari material yang dikeluarkan letusan gunung berapi yang belum mengalami perkembangan sempurna. Ciri-ciri tanah regosol yaitu mengandung bahan organik yang rendah, tekstur kasar, tidak dapat menampung air dan mineral yang dibutuhkan tanaman dengan baik. Tanaman yang cocok ditanami tanah regosol yaitu jenis tanaman palawija yang tidak terlalu banyak membutuhkan air. Tanah ini banyak ditemukan diwilayah Sumatera, Jawa dan Nusa Tenggara.
6. Tanah Grumusol
Tanah Grumusol
sumber farming.id
Ciri-ciri tanah grumusol yaitu memiliki warna gelap, tekstur yang kering dan mudah pecah terutama disaat musim kemarau. Tanah grumusol biasa berada pada daerah dengan topografi datar hingga bergelombang dengan ketinggian 300 meter diatas permukaan laut. Tanaman yang cocok ditanami tanah ini yaitu kayu jati, jagung, tebu, tembakau, kapas, kedelai dan padi. Persebaran tanah grumusol meliputi wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jawa Timur (Ngawi, Madiun) dan Jawa tengah (Demak. Jepara, Pati, Blora dan Rembang).
Ciri-ciri tanah grumusol yaitu memiliki warna gelap, tekstur yang kering dan mudah pecah terutama disaat musim kemarau. Tanah grumusol biasa berada pada daerah dengan topografi datar hingga bergelombang dengan ketinggian 300 meter diatas permukaan laut. Tanaman yang cocok ditanami tanah ini yaitu kayu jati, jagung, tebu, tembakau, kapas, kedelai dan padi. Persebaran tanah grumusol meliputi wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jawa Timur (Ngawi, Madiun) dan Jawa tengah (Demak. Jepara, Pati, Blora dan Rembang).
Sumber : Balai Penelitian Tanah, Balitbang Pertanian
http://cybex.pertanian.go.id/
https://seputargk.id/mengenal-jenis-jenis-tanah-untuk-pertanian/
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